There is a wide variety of scenarios regarding aboveground storage tanks (ASTs). Below are several resources that can narrow your search to the scenario that fits your situation the best. ASTs storing volatile organic compounds may require an air permit or registration from the KY Division for Air Quality (DAQ), depending on the material and potential emissions calculated for the type of tank, material, and usage. The EPA provides free software to put in all the variables and come up with a potential to emit (PTE) on its website.
A facility that handles pesticides, hazardous or solid wastes, bulk quantities of raw material, and other potentially polluting substances should develop a Groundwater Protection Plan (GPP). GPPs are to be implemented upon development and are not dependent on approval. For more information, visit the Division of Water's (DOW) "Groundwater Protection Plans" webpage.
Agricultural operations also have control requirements for petroleum storage. More information can be found in this fact sheet.
For actual or threatened releases of any pollutant, reference the Division of Waste Management's (DWM) "Emergency Response Branch" webpage.
Other resources:
The Kentucky State Fire Marshall - Hazardous Materials Section is responsible for the permitting of flammable, combustible, and hazardous material storage vessel installations. They issue permits and plan reviews of installation, repairs, and modifications on underground storage tanks (UGSTs) and aboveground storage tanks (AGSTs) and related components. Additionally, the section regulates the sale and storage of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP). Contact information for the Kentucky State Fire Marshall can be found on their website.
Certain petroleum storage units may be subject to the federal Spill Prevention, Containment, and Control (SPCC) rules as well. An applicability flow chart is available on the EPA's website.